FIRST ACQUAINTANCE WITH TURKEY
Professor V. N. Yarskaya.
academician of the International Academy
high school
FIRST ACQUAINTANCE WITH TURKEY
My place of stay was in the south-west of the country, in Marmaris, and during excursions in all directions from Marmaris itself, I saw that the landscape of this country is diverse: mountains, steppes, rivers, fertile agricultural lands, somewhere sandy, and somewhere and the rocky coastline. A variety of wild flowers cover the steppes, creating a colorful palette of colors.
Many sources say that the animal world of Turkey is similar to the animal world of Europe: bears, deer, lynxes, wild boars, wolves, even leopards. I read on advertising sites that the Van cat is a national animal with white fur and different colored eyes - one blue, the other green, it can only be compared with Jake the bobtail in my house: one eye is blue, the other is brown. In Turkey, we saw from the window of the tour bus and domestic animals - cows, horses, donkeys, goats, sheep. They say that Turkish shepherds are proud of the Kangal shepherd dogs, which protect the herds from wolves. There are a huge number of eagles, vultures and storks soaring in the sky, there is even a bald ibis.
Ataturk - the national Turkish leader, the creator of the modern Turkish state, put an end to the imperial past, defended the Turkish quint-essence against internal and external enemies. In the war for independence, the formation of the Turkish nation and the Turkish state took place, there was a change in all spheres of life of society and the state. In politics - the abolition of the Sultanate, the proclamation of the Republic, the abolition of the Caliphate; in public life - granting women equal rights with men, a ban on the activities of religious monasteries and orders, the introduction of an international calendar system and measures of measurement; in the field of law - the abolition of Sharia law, the new Civil Code, the secular system of state government; in education - the adoption of a new Turkish alphabet, the streamlining of university education, innovations in the field of arts.
As a result, Atatü rk turned the culture of Turkey upside down, allowing painting, sculpture, literature, music, dance and drama to flourish. The introduction of the alphabet based on the Latin alphabet increased the level of literacy of the population, combined tradition and modernization. In the process of secularization of Turkish society, Islam was not persecuted, Ataturk is considered an ideal political leader with genuine charisma, his authority is still unshakable, we have seen his portraits everywhere.
Turkey is a unique fusion of cultures of East and West, a country of rich history and culture, this is evidenced by cultural, historical, literary and electronic sources. There are a huge number of monuments of ancient culture and architecture, primitive art and ancient Eastern despotism, the state of the Hittites, and Asia Minor was an important area of culture of Ancient Greece, the states of the Hellenistic era, Byzantium. The basis for the medieval art of Turkey was the artistic experience of the peoples of Iran, Georgia, Armenia, the Arab countries, Byzantium and, of course, the Seljuks. Turkish literature, especially poetry, developed, as is known, even under the Ottoman court and represented a fusion of Persian, Arabic and Turkic classical styles. After 1923, a large number of writers, singers, musicians and artists appeared in the republic, the most prominent was Nazim Hikmet, known to us from school time. Popular opera troupes work in Ankara and Istanbul, there are conservatories, ballet schools.
Satellite and cable TV provide access to foreign programs, in the hotel we calmly went to English channels, however, we did not find a single Russian one. There are about a dozen major national and hundreds of local daily newspapers in the country; Russian-language publications did not fall into our field of vision. Cinematography in Turkey is developing rapidly, in stalls and shops you can buy CDs with foreign and Turkish films.
There are numerous museums in Turkey, on the territory of Turkey, and this is well known, there are a huge number of museums, I would like to visit most of them someday. Almost every city in Turkey has its own museum of folk art and art, where archaeological excavations are open for viewing, including the famous Greek centers of Ephesus, Pergamon and Troy. At the ruins and in shops, tourists can buy booklets and albums dedicated to the museums of Turkey. With a digital camera in hand, you can create a gallery of Turkish art yourself.
ART MARMARIS (Standard) - 4*. My husband and I stayed at the four-star Art Marmaris hotel, which, with its name, attracted our attention back in Russia, at the stage of choosing a travel agent, a hotel and a tour. And we were not mistaken, the hotel is directly in front of the sea, its owners or co-founders are Germans, however, no one has seen them. The hotel is romantic, moderately aristocratic, there are no excessive libations and a huge sea of u200bu200bfood, everything is delicate, clean and evokes a feeling of comfort. The staff is building every morning, as if on the march. Directly from the window there is a courtyard with a pool and a little further - a comfortable pier on the sea, with sun loungers, couches and tables.
We were grateful for the response of the Pegas-tourist company to our request for a room with a sea view, for assistance in organizing the rest of two elderly professors from Russia in the Art-Marmaris hotel. Everything was perfect and unforgettable, the breakfast and dinner buffet was more than enough. During the day, in the very heat, it was better to sail on the sea or relax in a cozy room under air conditioning. Of course, we did not write to anyone and did not tell anyone about the small nuances of communication at the reception, when preference, frankly more attention and respect were shown to tourists from Western Europe. The well-trained staff included English- and German-speaking employees, but not a single Russian-speaking one. This detail was quite understandable, although not very pleasant, but it could not spoil our general mood.
We then wrote about all our positive impressions on the Internet, adding at the end our wishes for high ratings to the Pegas-touristik travel agency and the Art Marmaris hotel.
The traditions of the country where the holiday is spent are always of great interest to tourists. Going on vacation to Turkey, we get a unique opportunity to expand our horizons and visit the stunning beauty of the place, see with our own eyes, observe the bizarre interweaving of religions and cultures. Turkish Night is a living and moving open-air museum, a theatrical performance of Turkish folklore music, song, dance. Bright, colorful atmosphere recreates the atmosphere of oriental exoticism of the Ottoman period. We knew in advance when this holiday would take place, we managed to take several photos of the folklore ensemble that performed in the courtyard of our hotel, it was convenient and pleasant for us to watch the performance right from the balcony of our room on the second floor. The Istanbul Conservatory has taken steps to preserve folk music, seeking to record its samples from all regions of the country. The variety of Turkish music and dance is presented at the annual folklore festivals.
We are convinced that Islam is not only a religion, but also a culture. The overwhelming majority - 99% - of the population of Turkey are Muslims, mostly Sunnis, although there are Shiites and Alevis in the east and southeast of the country. Many Turkish traditions and lifestyles have their origins in Islam, and it is etiquette to wear modest clothing and take off your shoes when visiting a mosque or when visiting. Religious forms of greeting, good wishes and other manifestations of underlined politeness play a big role, the Turks are distinguished by courtesy, willingness to help and honesty. In areas not often visited by tourists or places where conservative Islamic influences are felt, women should cover their heads, arms and shoulders, modest dresses and skirts no higher than the knees. Sometimes Russian tourists who come to Turkey - especially if they travel in the eastern part of the country, complain of harassment, although they themselves provoke temperamental eastern men with excessive nudity, which is only appropriate on the beach and at home. There will be no such provocations, and you will not need to follow the instructions on the Internet sites, where it is advised to wear a wedding ring. Not only when traveling, but also in your home country, deserted streets after dark, night travel in general and visits to drinking establishments alone should be avoided. We knew about all this, but, strictly speaking, we did not see such women either on sightseeing trips or on the streets of Marmaris, everything was, as everywhere else, in a secular style.
In communication, you should not show haste and impatience, you need to start the conversation with general phrases, for example, tell where you came from, where you are going. This rhythm of the mysterious East, ancient history and thousand-year traditions of hospitality - sets you up for productive work, exciting rest and serene peace, which is so lacking in our impulsive, unpredictable life. A Russian tourist is often amazed by the hospitality of tur-rock, no one will be able to sneak past small Turkish shops unnoticed so that you are not invited to enter. And if you refuse, the Turks are not offended, but they are interested in where you are from, how you like it here, in what hotel you stayed, they will advise where to buy good products, leather things, where to rent a car.
I liked the tolerance of the population towards dogs, we saw them both with their owners and walking on their own. There was no fear or aversion to the "unclean animal", which our Caucasian Shiites so zealously demonstrate. I even tried to explain such civilization by the secularism of Turkey itself and the Sunni orientation of Islam as its softer and more tolerant branch. However, in this explanation, I do not have one hundred percent certainty, I do not consider myself a specialist.
The traditions of Turkish national cuisine are remarkable, we were convinced of this not only in the process of breakfasts and dinners of the Art-Marmaris hotel, stylized as a buffet, but also in any options for visiting various food places. Shish kebab (lamb on a spit) is a Turkish invention, the best cheap food is Turkish pizza, superb stuffed eggplant dishes, snacks alone can fill you up. Local desserts are soaked in honey and often consist of fruits, nuts and biscuits. Tea is the national drink. Beer is served almost everywhere, Turkish wines are cheap and good. We attended a presentation and tasting of berry wines and took home a package of three bottles.
Traditionally, the intermediate, spatial geopolitical and cultural position of Russia between the West and the East is noted, and in this we are related to Turkey. Surprisingly, many tourists note the similarities between Turks and Russians. Turks are open, sympathetic people, easy to get acquainted with, very hospitable. Kind people go to help, sometimes strangers. They like to sit in a company, drink tea or raki, then sing, dance, talk “about the meaning of life”, recently the theme of the kinship of our peoples has been heard.
At least the fisherman and scuba diver, the owner of the boat that we hired for a trip to the Aegean Sea, and the Turkish youths dancing to the music on the pleasure boat, and many other representatives of the Turkish nation whom we met daily, behaved so directly and openly. , that you involuntarily wonder if these qualities, which previously seemed to be their eternal attributes, have gone forever from many Russians? And what is the difference between the level of diplomacy and the nature of communication between citizens?
Marmaris is called the pearl of the Aegean coast, the Mediterranean and Aegean seas adjoin here, there are many good hotels, beaches and restaurants. This combination of a quiet sea bay with numerous, picturesque mountain ranges covered with pine forests has made it a popular holiday destination. Marmaris is considered the most “European” in the country, there are almost no waves at sea, the water “holds” well and is suitable for those who do not swim very well, including children - all the more so, the entrance to the sea is gradual, without a cliff. There are colorful discos and cafes located along the embankment, and connoisseurs of the elegant will find an endless series of shops and shops selling products of local artisans.
There are interesting objects in Marmaris - this is an old fortress, which we photographed. The old city is built around the Ottoman fortress of the II century, Caravanserai with a huge number of merchants, the castle of the knights of the 16th century, a pier for yachts. In the center of the city there is a covered market where you can buy leather, jewelry, porcelain, carpets and other goods at affordable prices. Tourists are happy with the opportunity to swim in two seas - the Mediterranean and the Aegean, there are several water parks, a twelve-kilometer promenade along the entire resort and the famous bar street located in the old town. Here you can find opportunities for sports, some tourists are fond of rafting, scuba diving, the ability to compete with the elements of a mountain river, overcome rapids and water shafts. An excellent option for sports can be a horseback tour to the village of Hisaronu, where walking parks and experienced instructors will be at your service.
Turkey has created conditions for lovers of active entertainment, everyone can find something interesting, we could choose a variety of excursion programs. From Marmaris there are routes to the Dalyan River, the island of Rhodes, excursions to the Dead Sea, a trip to the legendary Ephesus, diving, rafting, jeep safari. The trip to the city of Dalyan, Turkish Venice, a boat trip along the river, the mysterious tombs of kings carved in the rocks, majestic forests will float past. Travel agencies advertise a visit to the ancient city of Kaunos with an ancient agora and Roman baths, a mud bath.
The famous Kareta-Kareta turtles have been living in the natural reserve of Marmaris for several million years. When visiting the magnificent Greek island of Rhodes, you can see the ruins of the Colossus of Rhodes. They offer a boat trip with a visit to the island of Cleopatra, according to legend, two thousand years ago, Mark Antony gave this island to Cleopatra, but the queen refused to swim in its coastal waters, she did not like the sand. Then Mark Antony brought sand from Africa. The island has kilometers of beautiful beaches with sand that is unique in its structure, resembling small pearls. In addition to swimming in the Aegean Sea and relaxing on this wonderful beach, the excursion program includes a visit to the ancient amphitheater and the Temple of Apollo.
Ephesus - the intersection of times. I dreamed of getting to the homeland of the great philosopher, since I myself have been engaged in philosophy all my conscious life. I assumed that the usual standard guide's story about this famous cultural and historical place would not touch philosophy in any way, and I was not mistaken - this is typical for many. The exception is an experienced and highly educated guide from Russia, a certified historian and archaeologist Yulia Mavrina, who received an excellent education at the oldest, powerful scientific school and strong educational traditions, the historical faculty of one of the imperial Russian universities.
This journey, in any case, allowed us to see a unique place in its historical significance. After all, Ephesus is one of the ancient Hellenic colonial cities in Central Asia, founded in the eleventh century BC, the largest ancient city of Asia Minor that has survived to this day, with a population of up to 250 thousand people. Slender columns of the library of Celsus, Roman baths, pavement stones still breathe the events that shook the ancient world.
Built in the 6th c. BC e. the temple fell victim to an arson attack by the infamous Herostratus in 356 BC. e. But the Maly Theater (Odeon, 150.1400 seats) and the Bolshoi Theater with a 30-meter stage for 24.000 seats survived here. Other attractions: the portico of the Agora, the temple of Hadrian (138), the temple of Hestia, the gates of Hercules, an ensemble of houses with mosaic floors and wall frescoes (“Houses on the hillside”), the office building of Pritanei, the library of Celsius (114-135 d. ) and a local brothel with a road sign to it. Many ancient Greek legends and myths are associated with Ephesus, it is just known for the Temple of Artemis - one of the seven wonders of the world.
In a geological sense, as my husband explained, ancient Ephesus, located on the seashore, is now 50 km away from it. This is evidenced by the preserved pier, a mooring for ships in ancient Ephesus. Almost all of Ephesus is an open-air museum, lovingly collected and restored by archaeologists. The museum has two entrances: upper and lower, and it is more convenient to see the city along the road, from top to bottom. This is one of the few ancient cities that have miraculously survived to this day. The ruins of the city make it possible to imagine the structure of the ancient settlement. The famous amphitheater, which can accommodate more than 25 thousand spectators, is used today for concerts of world stars.
Of the main historical sites of the new era - not only the temple of Artemis, but also the House of the Virgin Mary. In Ephesus, the Blessed Virgin Mary spent her last days, according to legend, the Mother of God lived there after the death of Christ. The house in which she lived is accessible to everyone, there is a source nearby, which is believed to have healing properties for various ailments. The majestic Basilica of St. John was erected over the supposed tomb of the Apostle John. On the hill of Ayasoluk lie the ruins of a Byzantine fortress. Below it is the Issybey Mosque (1375), in the courtyard of which columns from ancient Ephesus are installed. The photographs taken will help to resurrect the impressions inspired by the spirit of Greek perfection and Roman grandeur.
From my point of view - a huge omission and advertising, and tourist sites, and reports of guides during excursions - the lack of intellectual significance of historical places. After all, one cannot measure culture only by the famous ruins, the remains of amphitheatres and cities, the ashes of saints, for which we are so grateful to archaeologists. Based on my deep conviction, I undertake to assert that the cultural and historical significance of Ephesus is a contribution to the world treasury of the philosophy of its famous city dweller - Heraclitus of Ephesus - Heraclitus of Ephesus. This philosopher of Greece was born in the middle of the VI century. BC, lived until about 475, from a noble family of the Athenian Kodrids; one of his ancestors, Androcles, was the founder of Ephesus, so that he belonged by birth to the aristocratic party. The great Greek philosopher belonged to the royal family, but renounced his rights, in the then Ephesus already nominal, but giving some honors, in favor of his brother. He did not consider it possible to participate in the legislation or administration of the city, the structure of which seemed to him hopelessly corrupted. His misanthropy and gloomy pessimism have become proverbial. The mature part of the life of Heraclitus dates back to the time when the Persians dominated the Middle East, adjoining the Ionian Greek coast. The militarily powerful Persian monarchy continuously sought to spread its expansion to the west. Heraclitus was a contemporary of the failed uprising of the Greek cities conquered by the Persians against the conquerors. Heraclitus, an aristocrat by birth and by his political views, was hostile to the democratic power that came to his hometown to replace the power of the old tribal aristocracy. The political outlook of Heraclitus was reflected in some passages of his works. In fragment 104, for example, Heraclitus speaks of the democratic leaders of his city: “For what is their mind or reason? They believe in folk singers and their teacher is the crowd. ”
He knew the philosophy of Pythagoras, the teachings of Xenophanes. However, he proclaimed that he "was not anyone's listener, and declared that he himself investigated and learned from himself. " Heraclitus was the first in Greek philosophy to put the problem of change and order at the center of his system, which makes him a merciless critic of humanity. He complains that people are not able to understand the Logos, the universal basis of all things, in accordance with which all natural phenomena must proceed and on the basis of which human behavior must be built. The Logos can be seen in fire: due to the regularity of its changes (fire evenly absorbs fuel and emits flame and smoke), fire turns out to be an ideal embodiment of the measure that Heraclitus observed in the great mutual cosmic transitions of the basic substances that form the world - ethereal flame, water and earth . It is the harmonizing Logos, or measure, and not at all the origin from a single matter that builds the cosmos, that gives the world that essential unity that was the starting point for Heraclitus and other pre-Socratics. It is vital for man to comprehend the Logos, since the human soul itself is created from fire, which can be extinguished or even extinguished by moisture generated by stupidity, as well as by sleep or death. If the soul resists the stupidity, the vice, and the gradual hydration that comes gradually approaching death, it can even survive death for a time, preserved in the form of impersonal divine fire.
The universal rationality of individual consciousness is explained by the universal rationality of the Logos, which enlightens the soul from within. The weakness of the human mind, its delusions, the inability to cognize the truth are due to the deathly, carnal sensuality of a person, which obscures this light. In sleep, when memory disappears and the pores of the external senses through which we communicate with the universe are closed, the connection with the all-encompassing Logos is weakened, which continues to be maintained by the breath. A person can no longer rise above subjective visions - sleep or delirium, because he loses the objective, universal logical consciousness.
All positive legislation regulating human relations derives its strength from this natural law by which the universe is governed. This is the same law or system, created by no one, which is and will always be unchanged and determines world life in its course. Nothing escapes or hides from this fiery Logos, whose light never sets; fire will come suddenly, judge everything and take everything; the world must ignite and all the elements must again plunge into the fire from which they once arose.
In his old age, he retired from Ephesus and lived as a hermit in the mountains, eating herbs. Heraclitus expounded his teachings in a book (on nature), which he gave for safekeeping to the temple of Artemis of Ephesus. The greatness of thought and the genius of the mind of the ancient Ephesian are amazing, and this is an insignificant part of the small fragments from the writings of the ancient Greek genius from Ephesus that have been preserved in philosophy. Hegel argued that he could not deny anything from the statements of Heraclitus, in the philosophy of Heraclitus there is no provision that he could not include in his own philosophy.
Pamukkale is translated from Turkish as "Cotton Castle". For several hundred years, the waters of the thermal spring, rich in calcium and minerals, flowed down the mountain, forming bizarrely shaped pools-baths of snow-white color. The presence of a mineral spring led to the emergence of the resort town of Hierapolis here many hundreds of years ago. Objectively one of the most interesting excursions in Turkey. Particularly popular are the combined excursion two-day tours of Ephesus-Pamukkale, these terraces look like huge bathtubs: water accumulates in each of them, forming shallow, “ankle-deep” pools. We gladly took photos of ourselves against the background of the terraces - this is typical tourist behavior.
Cleopatra's pool - with thermal water (+36°C), enriched with magnesium, calcium sulfate and hydrocarbons and having a bitter-salty taste, reminiscent of Borjomi. Next to the thermal snow-white natural verandas is the famous Cleopatra pool. Its mineral water, the temperature of which is 38 degrees, has a beneficial effect on health. Going on this excursion, you should not make big plans for the evening, as a one-day excursion to Pamukkale is quite tiring, and in the evening you will only dream of how to get to bed as soon as possible. For the same reason, you should not take small children with you on an excursion. You should also think about drinks and food. Although food is included in the price of the tour, the proposed lunch and dinner will clearly not satisfy the needs of most. Therefore, it is worth having a reserve of money with you for the purchase of edibles.
The sight of the tourist turned out to be unclouded, we found great pleasure in splashing in a small pool in memory of Cleopatra. Turkey has a huge potential in the field of medical and sanatorium tourism, experts say that this direction is not sufficiently developed in the tourism business in general. Many thermal springs located in different parts of the country, a professional approach and environmentally friendly resorts could play an important role in the development of this niche. Turkey's main rivals in the field of spa tourism are believed to be Brazil and Argentina. It is important to draw the attention of people wishing to spend time on vacation with health benefits to such opportunities. These remarks relate, I think, to the fullest extent to the organization of our domestic tourism, in which there are many more undeveloped destinations.
East in Russia. From the point of view of the West, the East is an anti-world, etymologically the East is everything that is not Europe, not European culture, and Herodotus carried out identification, opposing the civilized Hellenes to the Asian barbarians. The East was assigned the role of a non-self-sufficient object, its identity had no political topology, it proved the indestructibility of the axis of evil, the threat of destruction, the deprivation of the right to civility. Are the Eastern and Western cultural areas really opposed, the cultures of the East and the West, are they different attitudes to life or, ultimately, one? After all, the East is not only a subtle, but also a complex concept, it consists of several civilizations, each of which is unique, denotes heterogeneous phenomena, the heterogeneity of mankind: Turkey, China, India, Iran, Japan, Israel, three world religions, explore political identity is possible in the context of the division of areas.
In a period of cardinal political and economic changes in the East and West, it is culture that becomes one of the main components of world politics. And against the background of the development of political and economic relations between Russia and Turkey and the partnership rapprochement of the two countries, which includes the sphere of direct contacts between citizens, today there is a great demand for further deepening of humanitarian and cultural ties and cooperation in the field of education, science, culture, youth exchanges and sports. Bilateral exchanges are carried out through direct cooperation between departments and organizations of culture, our peoples are attracted, of course, by the spiritual originality of cultures, and not by the peculiarity of the egoism of political elites.
Cultural diversity is considered one of the fundamental strengths of Europe, and this view is reflected in almost every political document of the European Union. For a long time it seemed that cultural policy was determined and implemented mainly at the level of nation-states. However, the alignment of forces in the sphere of culture is increasingly changing with the emergence of globalized supranational structures, on the one hand, and the transfer of cultural activity to the regional and local level, on the other (the phenomenon of glocalization). In most cases, the educated community achieves the dominant role of language in determining national identity, and tourism, as one of the most globalizing and cool institutions of our time, is showing increasing interest in national cultures and local subcultures.
Western rationality proceeds from the fact that to understand means to give a repetitive, experimentally described result; it is characterized by impersonality and at the same time anthropocentricity as the hidden egoism of an allegedly distant subject. Western civilization gravitates toward the methodological significance of high postmodernism. The West considers a purely bookish initiation to wisdom possible, because knowledge is impersonal and autonomous, translation from one language code to another can provide an adequate translation of meaning.
Eastern rationality believes that to understand means to get used to the world, to feel a deep involvement with it and its uniqueness, the personal principle penetrates into the world itself as equal to it, and not as an axis or center. The East believes that it is the teacher who is the bearer of hidden, unfixed knowledge, which gives meaning and integrity to knowledge, therefore any translation is only the tip of the meaning, and silence is the most important way to comprehend it, the maximum meaning. The East in its traditions is introvertive, striving not for novelty and youth, but for a deep comprehension of old, traditional values.
Oriental studies integrate the system of scientific knowledge about the countries of the East, an orientalist is, by necessity, a complex specialist, he must be able to communicate in the language, be an expert on the country, and not just on the problem. A European studying Turkey must spend a lot of time learning the language and getting to know the cultural and historical environment of the country. Turkish is said to be a fairly simple language, but the rules for word order and the formation of verb forms are very different from those of the Indo-European languages. Now there are dictionaries, textbooks, manuals for those who want to learn Turkish, translations by Turkish authors. It is enough to look into the network of stores "Reading Saratov", "Aurora", "Knigomir", not to mention the Moscow Biblioglobus. The Saratov universities noted the revival of cultural and educational ties with Turkey, the language and culture of Turkey are in the center of attention of enthusiasts.
Ordinary citizens are vacationers, tourists remember excursions to historical places and museums in Turkey, numerous exhibitions and sales. This is the time of the market, visitors submit to the charm of the situation, buy souvenirs, leather and ceramics, bedding made of excellent quality cotton, take an instant course in pottery, join the healing rays of Pumakal and the Cleopatra pool, participate in conversations about Turkish winemaking. leaving with a victorious look and a set of collectible berry wines. Travel agencies organize itineraries with stops at shopping centers for tourists to shop - the market is felt everywhere.
The view of the tourist dictates the consumption of the place, sights, souvenirs. The readiness of Turkish managers to sell you something that you did not even think about an hour ago is as much a market reception as the tradition of the oriental bazaar with its diversity, respect for the buyer and reverent devotion to the idea of u200bu200bsale of goods.
A Russian abroad, looking at a foreign country, is always looking at his country from afar, in this case looking at it through Turkey. This is the highest culture, and the rules of political life, the separation of powers, an independent court, an open economy. But these are also the rules of management, which for centuries have been used by the authorities in their reincarnations, which often do not want to change the rules of the game.
